Applications And Types Of Smart Materials Engineering Essay

Applications And Types Of clean Materials technology EssaySmart visible be those that tack in response to changing conditions in their ring or in the application of other directed captivates much(prenominal) as passing an electric automobile charge through them. Modern products increasingly use them, shirts that diversity pretext with qualifys in temperature. Smart unbendables are the materials that bemuse one or to a greater extent properties that feces be signifi shadowtly changed in a controlled style much(prenominal) as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetized dramaticss.There are many another(prenominal) types of quick-witted material some of which are already common. Some examples are as followingTypes of modishness materialSome types of skilful materials allow inpiezoelectric On applying a robotlike stress to these materials it gives an electric current. Piezoelectric microphones transform changes in pressure cause by sound waves into an electrical signal. material body store After deformation of these materials they remember their original shape and egress back to its original shape when heated .Applications include shape memory stents tubes threaded into arteries that expand on heating to body temperature to allow ontogeny blood flow.Thermo chromic These are the materials which change their color in response to changes in temperature. They have been used in bathplugs that change color when the water is in amplification hot.Photo chromic These materials change color in response to changes in weakly conditions. Uses include security ink sand dolls that tan in the sun.magnetoelectric machine rheological it is a fluid that fluids become solid when placed in a charismatic field. They can be used to construct dampers that mortify vibrations. These can be used for buildings and bridge decks to suppress the damaging do of,For example, high winds or earthquakes.1.1 pH- affectionate polymersThese are ma terials which swell/collapse when the pH of the surrounding media changes.PH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are materials which ordain respond to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by alter their dimensions. Such materials swell or collapse depending on the pH of their environment. This conduct is exhibited due to the presence of certain functional groups in the polymer chain.1.2 Magnetostrictive materials exhibit change in shape at a lower place the influence of magnetic field and similarly exhibit change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress common fig 1.1Magnetostrictive material (inside) then magnetizing coil over it and magnetic enclosure completing the magnetic circuit ( bring outside)It can convert magnetic energy into kinetic energy that is used to build sensors.1.3 Temperature-responsive polymersThese are materials which changes upon temperature.A temperature-responsive polymer is a polymer which undergoes a physical change wh en away thermal is applied. The mightiness to undergo such changes makes this class of polymers the category of adroit materials.1.4 Self-healing materialsThese materials have the immanent aptitude to refurbish damage due to normal employ, thus expanding the materials spirit .These are the class of smart materials that have the structurally incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The consumption comes from biological systems, which have the ability to heal after beingness wounded. rise of cracks and other types of damage on a microscopic level has been shown to change thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties, and eventually lead to whole scale failure of the material. Usually, cracks are mended by hand, which is difficult because cracks are often hard to detect. A material (polymers, ceramics, etc) that can intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage could lower production costs of a number of different industrial worke s through massiveer part emotional statetime, reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by material failureChapter 2Applications of Smart MaterialsThere are many possibilities for such materials and organizes in the manmade world. Engineering structures could operate at the really limit of their cognitive process envelopes and to their structural limits without fear of exceeding either. These structures could also give maintenance engineers a full report on performance history, as well as the location of defects, whilst having the ability to counteract unwanted or potentially formidable conditions such as excessive vibration, and affect self repair. The Office of acquirement and Technology Foresight Programme has stated that Smart materials will have an increasing range of applications (and) the underlying sciences in this area must be maintained at a standard which dishs achieve technological objectives, which convey tha t smart materials and structures must solve plan problems with hitherto unachievable efficiency, and hand over an opportunity for new wealth creating products.2.1 Smart Materials in AerospaceSome materials and structures can be termed sensual devices. These are structures that can sense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring deviceing systems (HUMS). To appointee the most well established application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in areas such as aircraft checking.An airline such as British Airways requires over 1000 employees to service their 747s with extensive routine, ramp, intermediate and major checks to monitor the health and usage of the fleet. Routine checks involve literally dozens of tasks carried out under approximately 12 pages of densely typed check headings. Ramp checks increase in thoroughness e truly 10 days to 1 month, hanger checks occur every 3 months, interchecks every 15 months, and major checks every 24000 flyin g hours. In humanitarian to the manpower resources, hanger checks require the aircraft to be out of service for 24 hours, interchecks require 10 days and major checks 5 weeks. The overheads of such guard duty monitoring are enormous.An aircraft constructed from a sensual structure could self-monitor its performance to a level beyond that of current data recording, and leave behind ground crews with invoke health and usage monitoring. This would minimize the overheads associated with HUMS and allow such aircraft to fly for much hours forward human intervention is required.2.2 Smart Materials in Civil Engineering ApplicationsHowever, sensual structures need not be restricted to hi-tech applications such as aircraft. They could be used in the monitoring of accomplished engineering structures to assess durability. Monitoring of the current and long term behavior of a bridge would lead to enhanced safety during its life since it would provide previous(predicate) warning of struct ural problems at a stage where minor repairs would enhance durability, and when used in conjunction with structural rehabilitation could be used to safety monitor the structure beyond its original design life. This would influence the life costs of such structures by reducing upfront formulation costs (since smart structures would allow reduced safety factors in initial design), and by extending the safe life of the structure. Sensual materials and structures also have a wide range of potential domestic applications, as in forage2.3 Its properties which enable them for civil engineering application are Repeated ducking of large amounts of strain energy under loading without permanent deformation. hazard to obtain a wide range of cyclic behavior -from supplemental and fully reentering to highly dissipating-by simply varying the number and/or the characteristics of SMA divisions. in operation(p) strain range of 70%Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cyclesTheir g reat durability and reliability in the long run.2.4 STRUCTURAL APPLICATION OF SMART MATERIALSThe development of durable and cost good high performance construction materials and systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials. This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the best performance and safe design of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the affright of earthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloys for smart structures render a promising area of research in this field.Fig 2.1to achieve speed improvements on existing bridges and to maintain the tether in a straight and non-deformed configuration as the train passes With the help of optimal control methodology the train will pas s the bridge with reduced track deflections and vibrations and thus velocity could be safely increased. Fig2.1 shows unlike positions of the train with and without active railway track support.Chapter33.1 Reducing wasteProducers are forced to consider the entire life of a product at the design stage and customers are increasingly demanding more environmentally sensitive products. Innovative use of smart materials has the potential to reduce waste and to modify recycling.Electronic waste Electronic waste is the fastest growing component of domestic waste in the UK. Electrical equipment requires that it should be processed before disposal to remove hazardous and recyclable materials. Disassembly of product is high-ticket(prenominal) and time consuming but the use of smart materials could help to automatise the process. Research in this active disassembly has been carried out by UK companies. prompt Disassembly Research Ltd. One example uses fasteners constructed from shape memor y materials that can self release on heating. Once the fasteners have been released, components can be separated simply by shaking the product. By using fasteners that controvert to different temperatures, products could be disassembled.3.2 Research in the UKSmart materials and systems are interdisciplinary subject areas so funding does not come from a one research council. However, the majority of research council funding is allocated by the Engineering and somatic Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Materials research is one of its six core coursers and it currently has a commitment of 21m to smart materials research in 28 UK universities. This includes the EPSRCs contribution to smart materials projects run in collaboration with 35different organizations including the Ministry of Defense British Aerospace In addition to research councils, the government also allocates funding through the Technology dodge mature. This is an executive non-departmental public body established by the Government to chivvy innovation in those areas which offer the greatest scope for boosting UK growth and productivity. right materials are one of the Technology Strategy Boards key technology areas, which provide the framework for deciding where it should invest funding and support activities. In 2007, as part of its support for collaborative research and development, the Technology Strategy Board allocated funding of 7m to a competition for research proposals in Smart Bioactive and Nano structure Materials for HealthThe Ministry of Defense identifies smart materials and active structures as a antecedence technology. However, its investment in these areas has decreased markedly in recent years as developments are increasingly driven by global civil markets and commodity products that are often adequate for itsneeds.2 It currently emphasizes monitoring external research rather than producing it in-house.3.3 Research worldwideThe US is the world leader in smart materials re search mainly because of the large defence research and development budget. The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has had an in-house programme of smart materials and structures research since the early 1990s, in contrast to the UK. However the UK is strong in many areas and is at the forefront of research into structures that can repair themselves. Other observations so that materials can be sorted automatically. The companies have collaborated with Nokia and turn over that this technology could be in use in the next two years.3.4 Reducing food wasteFood makes up approximately one fifth of the UKs waste. One third of food grown for consumption in the UK is thrown away, much of which is food that has reached its best before date without being eaten .These dates are conservative estimates and actual product life may be longer. Manufacturers are now looking for ways to extend product life with packaging, often using smart materials.CHAPTER 4FUTURE4.1 In Nanotechnology to annul Smart Materials TechnologyThe nanotechnology is set to accelerate development of improved and entangled smart material technologies. Researchers are now considering the possibilities of designing, altering, and controlling material structure at nanoscale levels in order to enhance material performance and process efficiency. The advancements in nanomaterials are expected to increase product quality and performance, and they are finding acceptance in diverse applications such as sensors and electronic devices. Nanosensor particles assist in creating tools for analyzing living cells and serve as reporters in industrial process monitoring. In the future day, smart materials are likely to derive their triumph from nanotechnology that is likely to be instrumental in creating more varied, complex, and intelligent systems.4.2 Smart Materials Expected to Cater to Diverse ApplicationsThe advances and improvements in smart materials allow them to issue to a diverse set of applicati ons, especially in the defense, aerospace, healthcare, electronics, and semiconductor industries. Although very few of these applications are at present commercially viable, their potential for future acceptance is irrefutable. Smart materials are particularly useful for cellular production, observes the analyst. With the addition of cellular fluid and by regulating the cells shape and mechanical conditions, smart materials especially polymers can mimic these cells interactions and exhibit effective results.The computer industriousness is also adopting smart materials for read/write head micropositioners and next-generation data fund devices. Researchers are developing piezo-accelerometers that anticipate and correct head-motion-related read/write errors. In the healthcare markets, smart material technologies are making their way into several(prenominal) analytical devices for detecting and diagnosing complex medical conditions. With future advances, smart materials are also like ly to be useful for fabricating insulin pumps and drug deliverance devices.